References Consulted

The main ecological literature used in writing the species descriptions includes the following major botanical works. These sources were consulted regularly and for almost every species:

  • Hultén, E. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories: a manual of the vascular plants. Stanford University Press.
  • Cody, W.J. 2000. Flora of the Yukon Territory. NRC Research Press.
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee. Flora of North America. Oxford University Press on Demand; 1993+.
  • Boggs K., A. Garibaldi, J.L. Stevens, T. Helt, and J. Grunblatt. 2001. Denali National Park and Preserve Landcover Mapping Project, Volume 2: Landcover Classes and Plant Associations. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/DENA/NRTR—2001/002. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

The following species group references were used in the same way as major works above, except they covered only particular taxonomic groups:

  • Argus, G.W. 2004. A guide to the identification of Salix (willows) in Alaska, the Yukon Territory and adjacent regions.
  • Viereck, L.A. and E.L. Little, Jr. 2007. Alaska trees and shrubs, 2nd edition. University of Alaska Press: Fairbanks, AK.
  • Skinner Q.D., S.J. Wright, R.J. Henszey, J.L. Henszey, and S.K. Wyman. 2012. A field guide to Alaska grasses. Education Resources Publishing: Cumming, GA.
  • Tande G.F. and R. Lipkin. 2003. Wetland sedges of Alaska. Alaska Natural Heritage Program, Environment and Natural Resources Institute, University of Alaska Anchorage.
  • Collet, D.M. 2004. Willows of interior Alaska. US Fish and Wildlife Service: Anchorage, AK.

Regional floras and other botanical atlas projects proved useful in compiling species distributions:

  • Kartesz, J.T. (Editor) 2015. The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). North American Plant Atlas. Chapel Hill, N.C. http://bonap.net/napa.
  • USDA, NRCS. 2016. The PLANTS Database (13 May 2016). National Plant Data Team: Greensboro, NC. http://plants.usda.gov.
  • Klinkenberg, B. (Editor) 2013. E-Flora BC: Electronic Atlas of the Flora of British Columbia. Lab for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. http://ibis.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/eflora/.
  • Elven, R., D.F. Murray, V.Y. Razzhivin, and B.A. Yurtsev, 2011. Annotated checklist of the Panarctic Flora (PAF): Vascular plants version 1.0. https://nhm2. uio. no/paf/.
  • Aiken S.G., M.J. Dallwitz, L.L. Consaul, C.L. McJannet, L.J. Gillespie, R.L. Boles, G.W. Argus, J.M. Gillett, P.J. Scott, R. Elven, M.C. LeBlanc, A.K. Brysting, and H. Solstad. 1999 onwards. Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 29th April 2003. http://www.mun.ca/biology/delta/arcticf/.
  • Arctos Collaborative Collection Management Solution. http://arctos.database.museum/.
  • Central Yukon Species Inventory Project. http://www.flora.dempstercountry.org/.
  • Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://ww.itis.gov/.
  • Flora of China. http://efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2.
  • The Flora of Svalbard. http://svalbardflora.no/.
  • New England Wildflower Society. https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/.

In researching the relationship between plant species and insects, diseases, and pathogens, the following resources were indispensable:

  • Holsten, E.H., P.E. Hennon, L.M. Trummer, and M. Schultz. 2001. Insects and Diseases of Alaskan Forests. USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region.
  • Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). http://www.feis-crs.org/feis/.
  • Glawe, D.A. Pacific Northwest Fungi Database. Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA. http://pnwfungi.wsu.edu/.
  • Arthur, J.F. 1934. Manual of the rusts in United States and Canada. Purdue Research Foundation.
  • Arora, D. 1986. Mushrooms Demystified. 2nd edition. Ten Speed Press: Berkeley, CA.
  • Butterflies and Moths of North America. http://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/.
  • Scott, J.A. 1986. The butterflies of North America: A natural history and field guide. Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA.

We gathered ethnobotanical information from these regional and national resources:

  • Garibaldi, A. 1999. Medicinal flora of the Alaska Natives: a compilation of knowledge from literary sources of Aleut, Alutiiq, Athabascan, Eyak, Haida, Inupiat, Tlingit, Tsimshian, and Yupik traditional healing methods using plants. Alaska Natural Heritage Program. University of Alaska Anchorage.
  • Kari, P.R. 1995. Tanaina Plantlore, Dena’ina K’et’una. Alaska Native Language Center with Alaska Natural History Association and National Park Service.
  • Plants for a Future. http://www.pfaf.org/.

Occasionally in writing species descriptions, specific research studies provided novel information useful in interpreting the species characteristics:

  • Ågren, J. 1987. Intersexual differences in phenology and damage by herbivores and pathogens in dioecious Rubus chamaemorus L. Oecologia 72: 161-169.
  • Ågren, J., Elmqvist, T., and A. Tunlid. 1986. Pollination by deceit, floral sex ratios and seed set in dioecious Rubus chamaemorus L. Oecologia 70: 332-338.
  • Allbright, M. 2004. Appendix C—Detailed propagation methods for beargrass, heather, huckleberry and partridgefoot. In Wilderness and Backcountry Site Restoration Guide , L. Therrell, et al. http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf06232815/pdf06232815dpi72pt19.pdf
  • Alsos, I.G., Spjelkavik, S., and T. Engelskjøn. 2003. Seed bank size and composition of Betula nana, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Campanula rotundifolia habitats in Svalbard and northern Norway. Canadian Journal of Botany 81: 220-231.
  • Amen, R.D. 1966. The extent and role of seed dormancy in alpine plants. The Quarterly Review of Biology 41: 271–281.
  • Andersson S. 1991. Floral display and pollination success in Achillea ptarmica (Asteraceae). Holarctic Ecology 14:186–191.
  • Arasu, N.T. 1970. Self-incompatibility in Ribes. Euphytica 19: 373–378.
  • Argue, C.L. 2011. The pollination biology of North American orchids: Volumes 1-2: North of Florida and Mexico. Springer-Verlag.
  • Armbruster, W.S., and A.D. McGuire. 1991. Experimental assessment of reproductive interactions between sympatric Aster and Erigeron (Asteraceae) in interior Alaska. American Journal of Botany 1449-1457.
  • Asker S. 1970. Apomictic biotypes in Potentilla intermedia and P. norvegica. Hereditas 66: 101-7.
  • Bänziger, H., H. Sun, Y.B. Luo. 2005. Pollination of a slippery lady slipper orchid in south-west China: Cypripedium guttatum (Orchidaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 148: 251–264.
  • Barrett, S.C.H., and K. Helenurm. 1987. The reproductive biology of forest herbs. I. Breeding systems and pollination. Canadian Journal of Botany 65: 2036–2046.
  • Beatty G.E, P.M. McEvoy, O. Sweeney, and J. Provan. 2008. Range-edge effects promote clonal growth in peripheral populations of the one-sided wintergreen (Orthilia secunda). Diversity and Distributions, 14, 546–555.
  • Bertin, R.I. 2007. Sex allocation in Carex (Cyperaceae): effects of light, water, and nutrients. Botany 85: 377-384.
  • Bocher, T.W. 1954. Experimental studies in the Arabis holboellii complex. Svenk Bot.48: 31-45.
  • Borkent, C.J. 2004. The association of fly pollination and the dioecious breeding system in flowering plants: an empirical examination (Doctoral dissertation, University of Calgary).
  • Botanical Society of the British Isles and the Biological Records Centre Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. 2015. http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/.
  • Boyden, T.C. 1982. The pollination biology of Calypso bulbosa var. americana ( Orchidaceae): initial deception of bumblebee visitors. Oecologia 55:178–184.
  • Brown, K.R., Zobel, D.B., and J.C. Zasada. 1988. Seed dispersal, seedling emergence, and early survival of Larix laricina (DuRoi) K. Koch in the Tanana Valley, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18: 306-314.
  • Bryant, J.P., J. Tahvanainen, M.Sulkinoja, R.Julkunen-Tiitto, P. Reichardt, and T. Green. 1984. Biogeographic evidence for the evolution of chemical defense by boreal birch and willow against mammalian browsing. The American Naturalist 134: 20–34
  • Burger, A.E. 1987. Fruiting and frugivory of Cornus canadensis in boreal forest in Newfoundland. Oikos 49: 3–10.
  • Carlson, M.L., S.D. Gisler, S. Kelso. 2008. The role of reproductive assurance in the arctic: a comparative study of a homostylous and distylous species pair. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40: 39–47.
  • Catling, P. M., and B. Kostiuk. 2011. Some observations on the pollination of Round-Leaf Orchid, Galearis rotundifolia,
    near Jasper, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist 125(1): 47–54.
  • Catling, P.M. 1982. Breeding systems of northeastern North American Spiranthes (Orchidaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 60: 3017–3039.
  • Catling, P.M. 1983. Autogamy in eastern Canadian Orchidaceae: a review of current knowledge and some new observations. Naturaliste Canadien 110: 37–53.
  • Cherniawsky, D.M., and R.J. Bayer. 1998. Systematics of North American Petasites (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). II. Isozyme analysis and population genetic structure. Canadian journal of botany 76: 1476-1487.
  • Chinnappa, C.C., and Morton, J.K. 1984. Studies on the Stellaria longipes complex (Caryophyllaceae)-biosystematics. Systematic botany: 60-73.
  • Claessens, J., and J. Kleynen. 1998. Column structure and pollination of Corallorrhiza trifida Châtelain (Orchidaceae). Journal Europäischer Orchideen 30: 629-637.
  • Clauss, M .J., S. Dietel, G. Schubert, and T. Mitchell-Olds. 2006. Landscape structure, clonal propagation, and genetic diversity in Scandinavian populations of Arabidopsis lyrata (Brassicaceae). Journal of Chemical Ecology (32) 11: 2351-2373
  • Coker, P.D. 1966. Sibbaldia procumbens L. Journal of Ecology 54: 823–831.
  • Crane, M.F. 1990. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Rosa acicularis. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
  • Crane, M.F. 1990. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Actaea rubra. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
  • Crane, M.F. 1991. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
  • Crowder, A.A., M.C Pearson, P.J. Grubb, and P.H. Langlois. 1990. Biological flora of the British Isles. No. 167.
    Drosera L. Journal of Ecology 78:233-267.
  • Cruden, R.W., 1976. Intraspecific variation in pollen-ovule ratios and nectar secretion–preliminary evidence of ecotypic adaptation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden: 277-289.
  • Danvind, M., and Nilsson, C. 1997. Seed floating ability and distribution of alpine plants along a northern Swedish river. Journal of Vegetation Science 8: 271-276.
  • Davidson, C.G., and L.M. Lenz. 1989. Experimental taxonomy of Potentilla fruticosa. Canadian journal of botany 67:3520-3528.
  • Dean, T., and A. Bignall. Crowberry. The Orkney Book of Wildflowers. http://theorkneybookofwildflowers.blogspot.com/2011/09/crowberry.html
  • Densmore, R. V., and K.W. Holmes. 1987. Assisted revegetation in Denali National Park, Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 19: 544-548.
  • Densmore, R., and J.C. Zasada. 1977. Germination requirements of Alaskan Rosa acicularis. Canadian field-naturalist.
  • Densmore, R.V. 1997. Effect of day length on germination of seeds collected in Alaska. American Journal of Botany 84: 274–278.
  • Devlin, Z. Wildflowers of Ireland. 2015. http://www.wildflowersofireland.net/plant_detail.php?id_flower=81.
  • Doak, D.F., and M.G. Loso. 2003. Effects of grizzly bear digging on alpine plant community structure. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 35: 421–428.
  • Douglas, K.L., and R.W. Cruden. 1994. The reproductive biology of Anemone canadensis (Ranunculaceae): breeding system and facilitation of sexual selection. American Journal of Botany 81: 314–321.
  • Downie, D.G. 1940. On the germination and growth of Goodyera repens. Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 33: 36–51.
  • Duffield, W.J. 1972. Pollination ecology of Castilleja in Mount Rainer National Park. The Ohio Journal of Science 72: 110–114.
  • Dyer, A., S. Lindsay, and P. Lusby. 2001. The fall and rise of the oblong woodsia in Britain. Botanical Journal of Scotland 53: 107–120.
  • Edwards, J., D. Whitaker, S. Klionsky, and M.J. Laskowski. 2005. A record-breaking pollen catapult. Nature 435, 164.
  • Elkington, T.T. 1964. Myosotis alpestris FW Schmidt. Journal of Ecology 52: 709-722.
  • Farrar, D.R. 1976. Spore retention and release from overwintering fern fronds. American Fern Journal 66: 49–52.
  • Fisher, F., J.F., A. Warner, E.M. Reimer. 1979. Anomalous apetaly: localized character displacement in Ranunculus eschscholtzii. Canadian Journal of Botany 57: 2097–2106.
  • Flessner, T.R., and J.D.C. Trindle. 2003. Propagation protocol for production of container Cornus canadensis L. plants (1-year plugs); Corvallis Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, Ore. In: Native Plant Network. www.nativeplantnetwork.org, Moscow (ID): University of Idaho, College of Natural Resources, Forest Research Nursery.
  • Frazer, J. 2012. “Mystery of Alaskan &39;goo&39; rust solved at last.” The Artful Amoeba, Scientific American. http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/artful-amoeba/2012/02/29/mystery-of-alaskan-goo-rust-solved-at-last/
  • Friedman, J., and S.C. Barrett. 2009. The consequences of monoecy and protogyny for mating in wind-pollinated Carex. New Phytologist 181: 489-497.
  • Fröborg, H. 1996. Pollination and seed production in five boreal species of Vaccinium and Andromeda (Ericaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 74: 1363–1368.
  • Frohne, V.C. 1955. A note on swarms of so-called &39;woods&39; mosquitoes in McKinley Park, Alaska. Mosquito News 13: 173–175.
  • Fryer, J.L. 2008. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Arctostaphylos rubra. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
  • Fulkerson, J.R., J.B. Whittall, and M.L. Carlson. 2012. Reproductive ecology and severe pollen limitation in the polychromic tundra plant, Parrya nudicaulis (Brassicaceae). PloS one, 7: e32790.
  • Gaudeul, M., H.K. Stenøien, and J. Ågren. 2007. Landscape structure, clonal propagation, and genetic diversity in Scandinavian populations of Arabidopsis lyrata (Brassicaceae). American journal of botany 94: 1146-1155.
  • Gorham, J.R. 1976. Orchid pollination by Aedes mosquitoes in Alaska. American Midland Naturalist 95: 208–210.
  • Gornall, R.J., and B.A. Bohm. 1984. Breeding systems and relationships among species of Boykinia and related genera (Saxifragaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 62: 33–37.
  • Gornall, R.J., and B.A. Bohm. 1985. A monograph of Boykinia, Peltoboykinia, Bolandra and Suksdorfia (Saxifragaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 90: 1–71.
  • Grant, M.C., and J.B. Mitton. 1979. Elevation gradients in adult sex ratios and sexual differentiation in vegetative growth rates of Populus tremuloides Michx. Evolution 33: 914–918.
  • Griffin, D. 2001. Contributions to the ethnobotany of the Cup&39;it Eskimo, Nunivak Island, Alaska. Journal of Ethnobiology 21: 91-132.
  • Hagerup, O. 1954. Autogamy in some drooping Bicornes flowers. Botanisk Tidsskrift 51: 103–116.
  • Heath, M.E., R.F. Barnes, and D.S. Metcalfe. 1985. Forages: the science of grassland agriculture. 4th edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, USA.
  • Hennon, P.E. 2001. “Spruce Needle Rust” Forest Service Leaflet R10-TP-99 United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/r10/forest-grasslandhealth/?cid=fsbdev2_038417.
  • Hicks, S., and R. Turkington. 2000. Compensatory growth of three herbaceous perennial species: the effects of clipping and nutrient availability. Canadian Journal of Botany 78: 759–767.
  • Hiirsalmi, H. 1969. Trientalis europaea L., a study of the reproductive biology, ecology and variation in Finland. Annales Botanici Fennici 6: 119–173.
  • Holloway, P.S. 1996. Seed germination of wild and cultivated roses. Georgeson Botanical Notes 25. http://www.alaskarosesociety.org/documents/seed_germ1.htm.
  • Holmes, D.S. 2005. Sexual reproduction of Adoxa moschatellina L. Watsonia 25: 265–273.
  • Howard, J.L. 1992. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). </>Elymus trachycaulus. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us.gov/database/feis/ [2016, May 5].
  • Hoyo, Y., and S. Tsuyuzaki. 2015. Sexual and vegetative reproduction of the sympatric congeners Drosera anglica and Drosera rotundifolia. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 210: 60-65.
  • Hunter, F.F., and S.G. Burgin, and A. Woodhouse. 2000. Shattering the folklore: black flies do not pollinate sweet lowbush blueberry. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 2051–2054.
  • Innes, Robin J. 2014. Eriophorum vaginatum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/erivag/all.html [2016, May 13].
  • Inouye, D.W., F. Saavedra, and W. Lee-Yang. 2003. Environmental influences on the phenology and abundance of flowering by Androsace septentrionalis (Primulaceae). American Journal of Botany 90: 905–910.
  • Ishii H.S., and L.D. Harder. 2006. The size of individual Delphinium flowers and the opportunity for geitonogamous pollination. Functional Ecology 20: 1115–1123.
  • Jacquemart, A.-L. 1996. Vaccinium uliginosum L. Journal of Ecology 84: 771-785.
  • Jacquemart, A.-L. 1997. Vaccinium oxycoccos L. (Oxycoccus palustris Pers.) and Vaccinium microcarpum (Turcz. ex Rupr.) Schmalh. (Oxycoccus microcarpus Turcz. ex Rupr.) Journal of Ecology 85: 381–396.
  • Jacquemart, A.-L. 1998. Andromeda polifolia L. Journal of Ecology 86: 527–541.
  • Jacquemart, A.-L., and J.D. Thompson. 1996. Floral and pollination biology of three sympatric Vaccinium (Ericaceae) species in the Upper Ardennes, Belgium. Canadian Journal of Botany 74: 210-221.
  • Jensen, L.C.W. 1961. Pollination studies with native Pyrola and Moneses species. Proceedings of the Minnesota Academy of Science 29: 210–218.
  • Jernigan, K., O. Alexie, S. Alexie, M. Stover, R. Meier, C. Parker, M. Pete, and M. Rasmussen (ed.s). 2015. A Guide to the Ethnobotany of the Yukon-Kuskokwim Region. University Of Alaska Fairbanks, Alaska Native Language Center https://www.uaf.edu/anlc/resources/yk_ethnobotany/YK_Ethnobotany.pdf
  • Jonasson, S. 1989. Implications of leaf longevity, leaf nutrient re-absorption and translocation for the resource economy of five evergreen plant species. Oikos 56: 121–131.
  • Jones, A. 2010. Plants That We Eat: Nauriat Niginaqtaut – From the traditional wisdom of the Inupiat Elders of Northwest Alaska. Anchorage, AK: University of Alaska Press; 2nd edition.
  • Jones, B., and C. Gliddon. 1999. Reproductive biology and genetic structure in Lloydia serotina. Plant Ecology, 141(1-2): 151-161.
  • Kallunki, J.A. 1981. Reproductive biology of mixed-species populations of Goodyera (Orchidaceae) in northern Michigan. Brittonia 33: 137–155.
  • Kampny, C.M. 1995. Pollination and flower diversity in Scrophulariaceae. Botanical Review 61: 350–366.
  • Kaplan, S.M., and D.L. Mulcahy. 1971. Mode of pollination and floral sexuality in Thalictrum. Evolution 25: 659–668.
  • Keddy, C.J., P.A. Keddy, and R.J. Planck 1983. An ecological study of Cypripedium passerinum Rich. (Sparrow&39;s egg lady-slipper, Orchidaceae) on the north shore of Lake Superior. Canadian Field-Naturalist 97(3): 268–274.
  • Keep, E. 1968. Incompatibility in Rubus with special reference to R. idaeus L. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytolog 10: 253–262.
  • Kelley, S.T., and R.G. Latta. 1998. Evidence for high rates of self-fertilization in the alpine herb Epilobium anagallidifolium (Onagraceae). Canadian journal of botany 76: 1978-1980.
  • Kelso, S. 1992. The genus Primula as a model for evolution in the Alaskan flora. Arctic and Alpine Research 24: 82–87.
  • Kevan, P.G. 1972. Insect pollination of high arctic flowers. The Journal of Ecology 60: 831-847.
  • King, J.C.H., B. Paukszat, and R. Storrie. 2005. Arctic Clothing of North America-Alaska, Canada, Greenland. Montreal, QC: McGill-Queen&39;s Press.
  • Kirkpatrick, R.E.B., P.S. Soltis, D.E Soltis. 1990. Mating system and distribution of genetic variation in Gymnocarpium dryopteris ssp. disjunctum. American Journal of Botany 77: 1101–1110.
  • Klinka, K., V.J. Kragina, A. Ceska, and A.M. Scagel. 1989. Indicator Plants of Coastal British Columbia. 1st edition. Univ of British Columbia Press, British Columbia.
  • Knudsen, J.T., and J.M. Olesen. 1993. Buzz-pollination and patterns in sexual traits in north European Pyrolaceae. American Journal of Botany 80: 900–913.
  • Koch, M., J. Bishop, and T. Mitchell-Olds. 1999. Molecular systematics and evolution of Arabidopsis and Arabis. Plant Biology 1: 529-537.
  • Konuma, A., and T. Yahara. 1997. Temporally changing male reproductive success and resource allocation strategy in protandrous Heracleum lanatum (Apiaceae). Journal of Plant Research 110: 227–234
  • Korpelainen, H. 1994. Sex ratios and resource allocation among sexually reproducing plants of Rubus chamaemorus. Annals of Botany 74: 627-632.
  • Kowalczyk, B.F 1973. The pollination ecology of Hedysarum alpinum L. var. americanum (Mchx.) and H. boreale Nutt. var. mackenzii (Richards.) C.L. Hitchc. in the Kluane Lake area of the Yukon Territory, Canada. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina. 73 p. Thesis.
  • Krannitz, P.G. 1996. Reproductive ecology of Dryas integrifolia in the high Arctic semi-desert. Canadian Journal of Botany 74: 1451 – 1460.
  • Krasny, M.E., K.A. Vogt, J.C. Zasada. 1988. Establishment of four Salicaceae species on river bars in interior Alaska. Holarctic Ecology 11: 210–219.
  • Kudo, G. 1995. Leaf traits and shoot performance of an evergreen shrub, Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens, in accordance with latitudinal change. Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 1451–1456.
  • Kudo, G., and S. Suzuki. 2002. Relationships between flowering phenology and fruit-set of dwarf shrubs in alpine fellfields in northern Japan: a comparison with a subarctic heathland in northern Sweden. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 34: 185–190.
  • Kudo, G., and S. Suzuki. 2002. Relationships between flowering phenology and fruit-set of dwarf shrubs in alpine fellfields in northern Japan: a comparison with a subarctic heathland in northern Sweden. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 34: 185–190.
  • Kudo, G., and U. Molau. 1999. Variations in reproductive traits at inflorescence and flower levels of an arctic legume, Astragalus alpinus L.: comparisons between a subalpine and an alpine population. Plant Species Biology 14: 181-191.
  • La Farge, C., K.H. Williams, and J.H. England. 2013. Regeneration of Little Ice Age bryophytes emerging from a polar glacier with implications of totipotency in extreme environments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110: 9839-9844.
  • Lawrence D.B., R.E. Schoenike, A. Quispel, and G. Bond. 1967. The role of Dryas drummondii in vegetation development following ice recession at Glacier Bay, Alaska, with special reference to its nitrogen fixation by root nodules. Journal of Ecology 55: 793–813.
  • Lawton, E. 1936. Regeneration and induced polyploidy in Osmunda regalis and Cystopteris fragilis. American Journal of Botany 23: 107–114.
  • Lems, K. 1956. Ecological study of the peat bogs of eastern North America: III. Notes on the behavior of Chamaedaphne calyculata. Canadian Journal of Botany 34: 197–207.
  • Levsen, N.D., and M.E. Mort. 2009. Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and morphological variation in the western North American range of Chrysosplenium tetrandrum (Saxifragaceae). Botany 87: 780–790.
  • Lindell, T. 1998. Breeding systems and crossing experiments in Anemone patens and in the Anemome pulsatilla group (Ranunculaceae). Nordic Journal of Botany 18: 549–561.
  • Liu, S., K.E. Denford, J.E. Ebinger, J.G. Packer, and G.C. Tucker. 2009. Kalmia procumbens. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds.  1993+.  Flora of North America North of Mexico.  16+  vols.  New York and Oxford. Vol. 8. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250065675
  • Looman, J. 1984. The biological flora of Canada. 5. Delphinium glaucum Watson, tall larkspur. Canadian Field-Naturalist 98: 345–361.
  • Lundqvist, A. 1992. The self-incompatibility system in Caltha palustris (Ranunculaceae). Hereditas 117: 145-151.
  • Macek, P., and J. Lepš. 2008. Environmental correlates of growth traits of the stoloniferous plant Potentilla palustris. Evolutionary Ecology 22: 419–435.
  • Macior, L.W. 1975. The pollination ecology of Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae) in the Yukon Territory. American Journal of Botany 62: 1065–1072.
  • Macior, L.W. 1983. The pollination dynamics of sympatric species of Pedicularis (Scrophulariaceae) American Journal of Botany 70: 844–853.
  • Manicacci, D., and L. Despres. 2001. Male and hermaphrodite flowers in the alpine lily Lloydia serotina. Canadian Journal of Botany, 79(9):1107-1114.
  • Marr, D.L. 1997. Impact of a pollinator-transmitted disease on reproduction in healthy Silene acaulis. Ecology, 78(5), pp.1471-1480.
  • Matthews, R.F. 1992. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).Vaccinium alaskensis. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
  • Matthews, R.F. 1994. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Drosera rotundifolia. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2012, April 19].
  • Max, K.N., S.K. Mouchaty, and K.E. Schwaegerle. 1999. Allozyme and morphological variation in two subspecies of Dryas octopetala (Rosaceae) in Alaska. American Journal of Botany 86: 1637–1644.
  • McGraw, J.B., and J. Antonovics.  1983. Experimental ecology of Dryas octopetala ecotypes. I. Ecotypic differentiation and life-cycle stages of selection.  Journal of Ecology 71: 879–898.
  • McGuire, A.D. 1993. Interactions for pollination between two synchronously blooming Hedysarum species (Fabaceae) in Alaska. American Journal of Botany 80: 147-152.
  • McGuire, A.D., and W.S. Armbruster. 1991. An experimental test for reproductive interactions between two sequentially blooming Saxifraga species (Saxifragaceae) American Journal of Botany 78: 214–219.
  • McKone, M.J., R. Ostertag, J.T. Rauscher, D.A. Heiser and F.L. Russell. 1995. An exception to Darwin&39;s syndrome: floral position, protogyny, and insect visitation in Besseya bullii (Scrophulariaceae). Oecologia 101: 68-74.
  • Meloche, C.G., and P.K. Diggle. 2001. Preformation, architectural complexity, and developmental flexibility in Acomastylis rossii (Rosaceae). American Journal of Botany 88: 980–991.
  • Meyer, S.E., and S.L. Carlson. 2004. Comparative seed germination biology and seed propagation of eight intermountain species of Indian paintbrush. USDA Forest Service Proceedings: RMRS-P-31.
  • Mitchell, W.W. 1992. Cytogeographic races of Arctagrostis latifolia (Poaceae) in Alaska. Canadian Journal of Botany 70: 80-83.
  • Moerman, D.E. 1998. Native American Ethnobotany. Portland, OR: Timber Press.
  • Moerman, D.E. 2010. Native American Food Plants: An Ethnobotanical Dictionary. Portland, OR: Timber Press.
  • Molau, U. 1993. Relationships between flowering phenology and life history strategies in tundra plants. Arctic and Alpine Research 25: 391-402.
  • Molau, U. 1997. Responses to natural climatic variation and experimental warming in two tundra plant species with contrasting life forms: Cassiope tetragona and Ranunculus nivalis. Global Change Biology 3: 97–107
  • Molau, U., and D.F. Murray. 1996. Taxonomic revision of the Pedicularis sudetica complex (Scrophulariaceae): the Arctic species. Acta Universitatis Upssaliensis Symboiae Botanicae Upssaliensis 31(3): 33-46.
  • Morris, W., and D. Doak. 1998. Life history of the long-lived gynodioecious cushion plant Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae), inferred from size-based population projection matrices. American Journal of Botany 85(6): 784-793.
  • Morris, W.F. 1996. Mutualism denied? Nectar-robbing bumble bees do not reduce female or male success of bluebells. Ecology 77: 1451–1462.
  • Mosquin, T. 1971. Competition for pollinators as a stimulus for the evolution of flowering time. Oikos 22: 398–402.
  • Mosquin, T. 1985. The explosive pollination mechanism in the pop flower Chamaepericlymenum Cornaceae. Canadian Field-Naturalist 99: 1–5.
  • Mulligan, G.A., and J.N. Findlay. 1970. Sexual reproduction and agamospermy in the genus Draba. Canadian Journal of Botany 48: 269-270.
  • Murray, C., and P.C. Miller. 1982. Phenological observations of major plant growth forms and species in montane and Eriophorum vaginatum tussock tundra in central Alaska. Holarctic Ecology 5: 109–116.
  • Murza G.L., and A.R. Davis. 2003. Comparative flower structure of the three species of sundew (Drosera anglica, Drosera linearis, and Drosera rotundifolia) in relation to breeding system. Canadian Journal of Botany 81: 1129–1142.
  • Murza, G.L., J.R. Heaver, and A.R. Davis. 2006. Minor pollinator–prey conflict in the carnivorous plant, Drosera anglica. Plant Ecology 184: 43–52.
  • Naruhashi , N., N. Hirota, M. Oonishi, Y. Iwatsubo, and Y. Horii. 2001. Comparative morphology of flowers in Japanese Sanguisorba. Journal of Phytogeography and Taxonomy 49: 137–148.
  • Nienstaedt, H., and J.C. Zasada. 1990. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agriculture handbook 654. In: Burns RM, Honkala BH (eds) Picea glauca. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture and Forest Service.
  • Offord, H.R., C.R. Quick, V.D. Moss. 1944. Self-incompatibility in several species of Ribes in the western states. Journal of Agricultural Research 68: 65–71.
  • Ordway, E. 1984. The phenology and pollination biology of Anemone patens (Ranunculaceae) in western Minnesota. University of Minnesota, Morris, Minnesota. Part 2: 31-34.
  • Orth, D.J. 1971. Dictionary of Alaska place names. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 567. 1084 pp. https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/pp567.
  • Østgård, O. 1964. Molteundersokelseri Nord-Norge. Investigations on cloudberries (Rubus chamaemorus L.) in North-Norway. Forsk. Fors. Landbr. 15: 409–444.
  • Pavek, D.S. 1993. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Chamaedaphne calyculata. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
  • Peat, H., A. Fitter, and H. Ford. 2015. Ecological Flora of the British Isles. http://www.ecoflora.co.uk.
  • Philipp, M., J. Böcher, O. Mattson, and R.J. Woodell. 1990. A quantitative approach to the sexual biology and population structure in some arctic flowering plants: Dryas integrifolia, Silene acaulis and Ranunculus nivalis. Meddelelser om Grønland, Bioscience 34: 1-60.
  • Piqueras, J., and L. Klimeš. 1998. Demography and modelling of clonal fragments in the pseudoannual plant Trientalis europaea L. Plant Ecology 136: 213–227.
  • Porsild, A.E., and W. Cody. 1980. Vascular Plants of Continental Northwest Territories, Canada. National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada.
  • Rabeler, R.K. 1993. The occurrence of anther smut, Ustilago violacea S. L., on Stellaria borealis (Caryophyllaceae) in North America. Contributions of the University of Michigan Herbarium 19: 165-169.
  • Ramsey, J. 2011. Polyploidy and ecological adaptation in wild yarrow. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108: 7096-7101.
  • Reader, R.J. 1977. Bog ericad flowers: self-compatibility and relative attractiveness to bees. Canadian Journal of Botany 55: 2279–2287.
  • Reader, R.J. 1978. Contribution of overwintering leaves to the growth of three broad-leaved, evergreen shrubs belonging to the Ericaceae family. Canadian Journal of Botany 56: 1248–1261.
  • Reader, R.J. 1979. Flower cold hardiness: a potential determinant of the flowering sequence exhibited by bog ericads. Canadian Journal of Botany 57: 997–999.
  • Reeves, S.L. 2006. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Mertensia paniculata. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
  • Roland, C., and E.F. Nicklen. 2010. Aspen phenology monitoring in the Central Alaska Network of the National Park Service: Progress Report 2010. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/CAKN/NRTR, National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado
  • Roland, C.A., J.H. Schmidt, and E.F. Nicklen. 2013. Landscape-scale patterns in tree occupancy and abundance in subarctic Alaska. Ecological Monographs 83: 19–48. doi:10.1890/11-2136.1.
  • Roland, C.A., J.H. Schmidt, and J.F. Johnstone. 2014. Climate sensitivity of reproduction in a mast-seeding boreal conifer across its distributional range from lowland to treeline forests. Oecologia 174:665–677.
  • Roy, B.A. 1993. Patterns of Rust Infection as a Function of Host Genetic Diversity and Host Density in Natural Populations of the Apomictic Crucifer, Arabis holboellii. Evolution 47:111-124.
  • Rozell, N. 2005. “Aspen miners leave few leaves unturned” Alaska Science Forum. Article 1753. http://www2.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF17/1753.html.
  • Ryynänen, A. 1973. Rubus arcticus L. and its cultivation. Annales Agriculturae Fenniae 12: 1–76.
  • Salisbury, E. 1965. The reproduction of Cardamine pratensis L. and Cardamine palustris Peterman particularly in relation to their specialized foliar vivipary, and its deflexion of the constraints of natural selection. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 163: 321-342.
  • Sandring S., and J. Ågren. 2009. Pollinator-mediated selection on floral display and flowering time in the perennial herb Arabidopsis lyrata. Evolution 63: 1292–1300.
  • Sandring, S. 2007. Plant-Animal Interactions and Evolution of Flora Display and Flowering Phenology in Arabidopsis lyrata. Thesis. Uppsula University, Uppsula.
  • Sandvik, S.M., and Ø. Totland. 2003. Quantitative importance of staminodes for female reproductive success in Parnassia palustris under contrasting environmental conditions. Canadian Journal of Botany 81: 49–56.
  • Savile, D.B.0. 1972. Arctic Adaptations in Plants. Ottawa: Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch, Monograph No. 6.
  • Schofield, J. 1992. Discovering wild plants: Alaska, western Canada, the Northwest. Anchorage, AK: Alaska Northwest Books. 2nd edition.
  • Schori, A. 2003. Rosa acicularis ssp. sayi (Bristly, Needle-spine, or Pricky Rose) Conservation and Research Plan for New England. New England Wild Flower Society, Framingham, MA. Available from: http://www.newenglandwild.org/docs/pdf/Rosaacicularis.PDF
  • Schulze, W., and E.D. Schulze. 1990. Insect capture and growth of the insectivorous Drosera rotundifolia L. Oecologia 82: 427–429.
  • Sharbel, T.F., and T. Mitchell-Olds. 2001. Recurrent polyploid origins and chloroplast phylogeography in the Arabis holboellii complex (Brassicaceae). Heredity 87: 59-68.
  • Sheviak, C.J. 1999. The identities of Platanthera hyperborea and P. huronensis, with the description of a new species from North America. Lindleyana 14: 193–203.
  • Shykoff, J.A. 1988. Maintenance of gynodioecy in Silene acaulis (Caryophyllaceae): Stage-specific fecundity and viability selection. American Journal of Botany 75: 844–850.
  • Soltis, D.E., and P.S. Soltis. 1987. Breeding system of the fern Dryopteris expansa: evidence for mixed mating. American Journal of Botany 74: 504–509.
  • Spira, T.P., and Pollak, O.D., 1986. Comparative reproductive biology of alpine biennial and perennial gentians (Gentiana: Gentianaceae) in California. American Journal of Botany, pp.39-47.
  • Spomer, G.G., and F.B. Salisbury. 1968. Eco-physiology of Geum turbinatum and implications concerning alpine environments. Botanical Gazette 129: 33–49.
  • St. Hilaire, L. 2002. Ranunculus lapponicus L. (Lapland Buttercup) conservation and research plan for New England. New England Wild Flower Society. http://www.newfs.org/docs/pdf/Ranunculuslapponicus.PDF
  • Steven, J.C., and D.M. Waller. 2004. Reproductive alternatives to insect pollination in four species of Thalictrum (Ranunculaceae). Plant Species Biology 19: 73–80.
  • Stevens, J.P., and Bougourd, S.M. 1988. Inbreeding depression and the outcrossing rate in natural populations of Allium schoenoprasum L.(wild chives). Heredity 60: 257-261.
  • Strickler, G.S., and P.J. Edgerton. 1976. Emergent seedlings from coniferous litter and soil in eastern Oregon. Ecology 57: 801–807.
  • Swales, D.E. 1979. Nectaries of certain Arctic and sub-Arctic plants with notes on pollination. Rhodora 81: 363-407.
  • Tammisola, J., and A. Ryynänen. 1970. Incompatibility in Rubus arcticus L. Hereditas 66: 269–277.
  • Taylor, J.E. 2007. Andromeda polifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [ 2012, March 21].
  • Taylor, K. 1999. Cornus suecica L. (Chamaepericlymenum suecicum (L.) Ascherson & Graebner). Journal of Ecology 87: 1068–1077.
  • Taylor, K., D.C. Havill, J. Pearson, and J. Woodall. 2002. Trientalis europaea L. Journal of Ecology 90: 404–418.
  • Thien, L.B., and F. Utech. 1970. The mode of pollination in Habenaria obtusata (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 57: 1031–1035.
  • Tirmenstein, D. 1991. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Vaccinium vitis-idaea. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
  • Traveset, A., and M.F. Willson. 1997. Effect of birds and bears on seed germination of fleshy-fruited plants in temperate rainforests of southeast Alaska. Oikos 80(1): 89–95.
  • Turner, N.J., L.M. Johnson Gottesfeld, H.V. Kuhnlein, and A. Ceska. 1992. Edible wood fern rootstocks of western North America: Solving an ethnobotanical puzzle. Journal of Ethnobiology 12: 1-34.
  • Uchytil, R.J. 1991. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Betula papyrifera. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
  • Ulev, E.D. 2006. In: Fire Effects Information System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Ribes triste. http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/.
  • Vander Kloet, S.P., and N.M. Hill. 1994. The paradox of berry production in temperate species of Vaccinium. Canadian Journal of Botany 72: 52–58.
  • Viereck, L.A., and W.F. Johnston. 1990. Black spruce. In: R.M. Burns, and B.H. Honkala, editors. Silvics of North America, Vol. 1. Conifers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, District of Columbia. Pp 227–237
  • Vool, E., M. Noormets, K. Karp, M. Mänd, and M. Starast. 2003. Pollinators and their foraging behaviour in arctic bramble (Rubus articus L.) plantations in Estonia. Integrative approaches towards sustainability in the Baltic Sea Region, Enviromental Education, Communication and Sustainability 15: 481–489.
  • Voronkova, N.M., A.B. Kholina, and V.P. Verkholat 2008. Plant biomorphology and seed germination in pioneer species of Kamchatka volcanoes. Biology Bulletin 35: 599–605.
  • Walker, M.D., R.C. Ingersoll and P.J. Webber. 1995. Effects of interannual climate variation on phenology and growth of two alpine forbs. Ecology 76: 1067–1083.
  • Wallace, L.E. 2004. A comparison of genetic variation and structure in the allopolyploid Platanthera huronensis and its diploid progenitors, Platanthera aquilonis and Platanthera dilatata (Orchidaceae). Canadian Journal of Botany 82: 244-252.
  • Warwick, S.I., and L. Black. 1982. The biology of Canadian weeds: 52. Achillea millefolium L. s.l. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 62: 163-182.
  • Weisberg, S. 1993. Revegetation handbook. Unpublished report. U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region.
  • Werner, P.A., and J.D. Soule. 1976. The biology of Canadian weeds 18. Potentilla recta L., P. norvegica L. and P. argentea L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 56: 591-603.
  • Wheelwright N.T., E.E. Dukeshire, J.B. Fontaine, S.H. Gutow, D.A. Moeller, J.G. Schuetz, T.M. Smith, S.L. Rodgers and A.G. Zink. 2006. Pollinator limitation, autogamy and minimal inbreeding depression in insect-pollinated plants on a boreal island. American Midland Naturalist 155: 19–38.
  • Wilcock, C.C. 2002. Maintenance and recovery of rare clonal plants: the case of the twinflower (Linnaea borealis L.). Botanical Journal of Scotland 54: 121–131.
  • Williams, W.B., and G.O. Batzli. 1982. Pollination and dispersion of five species of lousewort (Pedicularis) near Atkasook, Alaska, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research 14: 59–73.
  • Windham, M.D. 1993. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds.  1993+.  Flora of North America North of Mexico.  16+  vols.  New York and Oxford. Vol. 2. Woodsia alpina. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=134973.
  • Winter, C., S. Lehmann, and M. Diekmann. 2008. Determinants of reproductive success: A comparative study of five endangered river corridor plants in fragmented habitats. Biological Conservation 141: 1095–1104.
  • Wolf, D.E., J.A. Steets, G.J. Houliston, and N. Takebayashi. Genome size variation and evolution in allotetraploid Arabidopsis kamchatica and its parents, Arabidopsis lyrata and Arabidopsis halleri. AoB Plants 6: plu025.
  • Wolf, E., E. Gage, and D.J. Cooper. 2006. Drosera rotundifolia L. (roundleaf sundew): a technical conservation assessment. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. http://www.fs.fed.us/r2/projects/scp/assessments/droserarotundifolia.pdf.
  • Yumoto, T. 1986. The ecological pollination syndromes of insect-pollinated plants in an alpine meadow. Ecological Research 1: 83–95.